Core Concepts

Control Flow

Topic 4 of 13

PHP

<?php
// if / elseif / else
$score = 85;
if ($score >= 90) {
    echo "A grade";
} elseif ($score >= 80) {
    echo "B grade";
} else {
    echo "Below B";
}

// match (PHP 8) — strict, no fall-through, returns value
$result = match(true) {
    $score >= 90 => 'A',
    $score >= 80 => 'B',
    $score >= 70 => 'C',
    default         => 'F',
};

// Nullsafe operator (PHP 8) — safe chaining
$city = $user?->getAddress()?->city;

// Alternative syntax for templates
if ($loggedIn):
?>
    <p>Welcome back!</p>
<?php endif;

💡 match vs switch

match uses strict (===) comparison, returns a value, no break needed, and throws UnhandledMatchError if no arm matches. Always prefer match in PHP 8+.

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